Women’s experiences of medical emergencies in pregnancy

We spoke to women who had experienced different life-threatening conditions during childbirth. These are sometimes known as ‘near misses’ and are described in ‘What is a life-threatening condition in pregnancy‘. These illnesses are rare, affecting less than 1 in every 100 people giving birth*, and can be caused by several conditions (e.g. placental disorders, blood pressure, heavy bleeding / haemorrhage, thrombosis (the formation of a blood clot inside a blood vessel), septicaemia (blood poisoning). These different conditions mean women’s experiences of their emergencies were very varied, but what they all had in common was a life-threatening traumatic birth they had not expected.

Reading and hearing some of these experiences may be distressing.

Women may need to be in hospital for days or weeks being monitored closely before their baby is born. This may be so doctors and midwives can monitor their high blood pressure, which can be an indication of pre-eclampsia or HELLP syndrome. Sometimes women needed to stay in hospital because of a condition called placenta praevia (where the placenta is in the wrong position and blocking the birth canal), which can have a high risk of haemorrhage.

When she was 26 weeks pregnant, Alex started bleeding. Scans showed she had placenta praevia and…

Age at interview 37

Gender Male

Age at diagnosis 36

View profile

Sarah had placenta praevia and had to spend the last few weeks of her pregnancy in hospital. She…

Age at interview 29

Gender Female

Age at diagnosis 24

View profile

After being closely monitored, a worsening in their or their baby’s condition can lead to a sudden need for women to have their baby delivered. Sometimes women become seriously ill very quickly.

Helen was monitored for a few days before she was admitted to hospital, where doctors diagnosed HELLP syndrome, a combined liver and blood clotting disorder.

Helen developed HELLP syndrome and her son was delivered early by caesarean. She and her partner…

Age at interview 31

Gender Female

Age at diagnosis 31

View profile

Doctors were monitoring Julie’s blood pressure and tried to induce her labour. She describes…

Age at interview 34

Gender Female

Age at diagnosis 32

View profile

Samantha had an emergency caesarean because she had developed pre-eclampsia and very high blood…

Age at interview 32

Gender Female

Age at diagnosis 31

View profile

Some women develop symptoms quite suddenly at home which means they have to rush to hospital, sometimes by ambulance. These experiences can often be very frightening, and women may not really understand what is happening until much later. If this happens several weeks before the expected birth date, women may feel emotionally unprepared for birth.

At 36 weeks, Kate developed high blood pressure and severe pains in her chest and went to her local hospital, where her baby had to be delivered during the early hours of the morning by emergency caesarean. The suddenness of the birth left her feeling “just completely mind-blown.” Often women we spoke to didn’t realise how seriously ill they were.

Kate developed pains in her side and high blood pressure. Doctors diagnosed HELLP syndrome and…

Age at interview 35

Gender Female

Age at diagnosis 34

View profile

Jo started bleeding at home, an early sign that her placenta was breaking away from her womb. The…

Age at interview 34

Gender Female

Age at diagnosis 30

View profile

Sometimes women need to go to hospital days or weeks after the birth of their baby, due to a life-threatening illness such as a blood clot in their lungs or in their leg.

Cate developed a blood clot 3 weeks after her daughter was born, while Sophie experienced a haemorrhage several weeks after she had given birth.

Sepsis or septicaemia (blood poisoning) is another reason why women may need to go back to hospital as an emergency.

Anna developed septicaemia (blood poisoning) very rapidly after birth. She was rushed to hospital…

Age at interview 22

Gender Female

Age at diagnosis 21

View profile

Some women were not really aware of the medical emergency for much of the time, as they were not conscious or had had a general anaesthetic. In these cases, the women had to piece together what had happened to them after they woke up (see ‘Understanding what happened’).

Alison T had amniotic fluid embolism (AFE), a very rare complication of pregnancy in which amniotic fluid, fetal skin or other cells enter the woman’s blood stream and trigger an allergic reaction. She remembers a sudden severe pain in her head and back within minutes of being induced and being rushed to theatre and having a general anaesthetic. She woke up 4 or 5 days later in intensive care.

Debbie also had only partial memory of her emergency.

Debbie had a uterine rupture (a tear opening the womb directly into the abdominal cavity) during…

Age at interview 31

Gender Female

Age at diagnosis 29

View profile

Rachel was concerned when she couldn’t feel her baby moving. She went into hospital and a scan showed her baby had died. This was probably because she had developed a form of temporary diabetes in pregnancy (gestational diabetes) which was not diagnosed but can threaten the life of the baby. When she was induced to give birth to the baby, she started bleeding internally and developed amniotic fluid embolism.

Rachel started to bleed internally as she was giving birth to her stillborn baby. She remembers…

Age at interview 43

Gender Female

Age at diagnosis 32

View profile

In some cases, women had an emergency caesarean and then their condition worsened.

During the birth of her second child, Hannah had a uterine rupture. She was taken through for an…

Age at interview 36

Gender Female

Age at diagnosis 34

View profile

Although their conditions were life-threatening, several women described a calm, confident atmosphere around them. Even though things were happening quickly, and they were scared, they felt reassured by the professionalism of medical staff.

Alison had a haemorrhage and hysterectomy after her son was born. She said the atmosphere in the…

Age at interview 32

Gender Female

Age at diagnosis 30

View profile

Karen had a haemorrhage after her son was born. As doctors struggled to stop her bleeding, she…

Age at interview 44

Gender Female

Age at diagnosis 42

View profile

Some women who had a haemorrhage described doctors and midwives using internal compressions (or pressure) and massage to stop the bleeding. When they were unable to stop the bleeding they had to perform a hysterectomy to save the woman’s life. Women’s experiences of haemorrhage and hysterectomy are described further in ‘Haemorrhage (heavy, uncontrolled bleeding)‘ and ‘Hysterectomy‘.

Lisa had a long, difficult labour and her daughter was finally born with forceps. She was holding…

Age at interview 36

Gender Female

Age at diagnosis 35

View profile

Henrietta had her daughter naturally, and noticed that she was bleeding quite a lot when she went…

Age at interview 31

Gender Female

Age at diagnosis 29

View profile

*Waterstone, M., S. Bewley, and C. Wolfe, Incidence and predictors of severe obstetric morbidity’ case-control study.BMJ, 2001.322(7294)’p. 1089-93; discussion 1093-4