Pregnancy and symptoms of life-threatening conditions

This website is about severe maternal illnesses in women who are about to or have just given birth. These illnesses could lead to the mother’s death without urgent medical intervention. These are sometimes known as ‘near misses’. As described in ‘What is a life-threatening condition in childbirth’, these illnesses are rare, and can be caused by several different conditions (e.g., placental disorders, blood pressure, thrombosis (the formation of a blood clot inside a blood vessel), septicaemia (blood poisoning). The onset and symptoms of these illnesses will therefore vary greatly.

Here we describe what women told us about their pregnancies and early symptoms, if they had any. Some women had symptoms and a diagnosis before their baby was born, such as pre-eclampsia (high blood pressure) or placenta praevia (the placenta may be partly or completely covering the cervix/birth canal), which meant they realised they were at high risk before the birth. Others developed their illnesses after the birth (see ‘Pulmonary embolism (PE) and deep vein thrombosis‘, ‘Hysterectomy‘, ‘Haemorrhage‘). Few of the women realised their conditions were life-threatening.

Pregnancy

Experiences of pregnancy vary from woman to woman. While some women had problems from the early weeks, others went through their pregnancies with no symptoms or warning signs that anything might go wrong. Many of the women we spoke to described normal pregnancies with no signs of illness until very late in pregnancy. People can develop life-threatening complications even if they have had a normal pregnancy and a healthy lifestyle.

Alison, who had a haemorrhage after giving birth to her son, said that apart from a little blip…

Age at interview 32

Gender Female

Age at diagnosis 30

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Natalie, who also haemorrhaged (heavy uncontrolled bleeding) after delivering her son, said “It was my first pregnancy, and it went really well.”

Helen and Kate both developed HELLP syndrome (a combined liver and blood clotting disorder) and were shocked as they had both had very healthy, active pregnancies. Helen said, “I was having a completely normal pregnancy. I felt well. I was going to yoga, I was going swimming 2km a week, everything was completely normal. I was having a lovely time.” Kate also said she had a “model pregnancy” up until the 34th week.

Other women had more problematic pregnancies. Alison T had pneumonia during her pregnancy and was admitted to hospital. While she was there doctors discovered she had developed blood clots in her lungs (pulmonary embolisms, PEs). She was told to drink lots of water, and was given anticoagulant injections to try and prevent clots. The rest of her pregnancy was closely monitored.

When she developed flu like symptoms it was discovered that Alison T had pneumonia. While she was…

Age at interview 44

Gender Female

Age at diagnosis 42

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Looking back, Jo said that she never really felt that well during her pregnancy. She went on to…

Age at interview 34

Gender Female

Age at diagnosis 30

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Hannah was pregnant with her second child. She felt a lot of pain and discomfort and found her…

Age at interview 36

Gender Female

Age at diagnosis 34

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Onset of symptoms

Some women developed symptoms of their illnesses during their pregnancy and so were aware they had complications. Sometimes this led to the baby being delivered very quickly, in other cases it meant that they were monitored closely for the rest of their pregnancy.

Pre-eclampsia and HELLP syndrome

Doctors or midwives may pick up early signs of pre-eclampsia or HELLP syndrome through monitoring women’s blood pressure and measuring protein in their urine. Women who develop these conditions may need to have their babies delivered by emergency caesarean. Sometimes women will be monitored for a while, because the longer the pregnancy can be continued the better it is for the baby, but if symptoms become severe the baby needs to be delivered quickly for the sake of the mother’s health.

Julie’s baby was overdue. She had high blood pressure which was being monitored by the midwives…

Age at interview 34

Gender Female

Age at diagnosis 32

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Samantha was being monitored for high blood pressure, but also developed headaches and…

Age at interview 32

Gender Female

Age at diagnosis 31

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The women we spoke to who developed HELLP syndrome had high blood pressure and doctors also measured their liver functions. All these women had their babies early.

Helen had a normal pregnancy but her GP was concerned when she started to develop high blood…

Age at interview 31

Gender Female

Age at diagnosis 31

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After a ‘model pregnancy’, Kate developed a pain in her ribs which she thought was indigestion. Her blood pressure went up and she felt swollen, so she went into hospital.

Age at interview 35

Gender Female

Age at diagnosis 34

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Placental disorders

One of the causes of severe maternal illnesses is haemorrhage (heavy uncontrolled bleeding) that can be caused by disorders of the placenta (the organ responsible for providing nutrients to the fetus). For some women, haemorrhage developed unexpectedly during or after childbirth (see ‘Haemorrhage – heavy uncontrolled bleeding‘ summary). Some women we spoke to had warning of problems with their placenta from scan results. Cate’s scans during her third pregnancy showed she had developed placenta praevia (the placenta may be partly or completely covering the cervix/birth canal). Doctors scheduled her for an elective caesarean. She was disappointed that she couldn’t have a home birth, but it was quite a relief to have the decision taken away from her.

Kerry started bleeding at 11 weeks during her third pregnancy. She was diagnosed with placenta…

Age at interview 27

Gender Female

Age at diagnosis 25

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Alex was diagnosed with the most serious type of placenta praevia grade 4 (the placenta completely covers the cervix/birth canal) and was kept in hospital for 8 weeks as doctors feared that she would haemorrhage before her baby was born. Her baby was born at 34 weeks.

Rob’s wife, had a grade 4 placenta praevia and started bleeding regularly through her pregnancy…

Age at interview 34

Gender Male

Age at diagnosis 29

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Thrombosis

Some women developed blood clots during pregnancy or after giving birth. (See summary on ‘Pulmonary Embolism (PE) and deep vein thrombosis (DVT).

Sepsis

We interviewed a few women who had developed sepsis (an infection) or septicaemia (where the infection spreads to the blood stream) after giving birth. Again, this can develop very quickly or can take a while to build up.

Anna had flu-like symptoms and abdominal pain soon after going home with her second baby. She…

Age at interview 22

Gender Female

Age at diagnosis 21

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After her first daughter was born, Ciara developed a pain in her side, which did not subside for…

Age at interview 35

Gender Female

Age at diagnosis 33

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